I was one of the most well-known scientists during the 1970s and ‘80s. I studied extraterrestrial intelligence and advocated for nuclear disarmament. I was born on November 9, 1934, in Brooklyn, New York. I graduated from the University of Chicago and studied planets and extraterrestrial intelligence. I was named director of Cornell’s Laboratory for Planetary Studies in 1968. Being against nuclear weapons, I introduced the idea of “nuclear winter” in 1983. I wrote several novels and the TV series Cosmos before my death in 1996.